Effects of Physiological Reproductive Events on Ovary

Impacts of Physiological Reproductive Events on Ovary Part one Presentation Foundation The two majors capacity of the ovary is the separation and arrival of female gametes (oocyte), which would then be able to be effectively prepared and guarantee the endurance of species. The ovary is likewise an endocrine organ that produces steroid hormones that permit the improvement of female optional sexual qualities and supports pregnancy. The mammalian ovary is secured by a solitary layer of epithelial cells (surface epithelium), which differ in type from basic squamous to cuboidal to low pseudostratified columnar (Anderson et al. 1976). Straightforwardly underneath the surface epithelium there is a layer of thick connective tissue known as the tunica albuginea. The mammalian ovary is a heterogeneous organ containing follicles and corpora lutea at different phases of improvement. The ovarian follicle is the central unit of the ovary, every follicle comprises of an oocyte, encompassed by granulosa cells and external layer of theca cells ( 1.2 Folliculogenesis During embryogenesis, early stage germ cells (PGCS) move from the yolk sac through the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut, to the genital edge. The germ cells at that point experience broad multiplication, and lose their motile qualities, also, physical cells got from the mesenchyme of the genital edge, multiply too (Hirshfield 1991). The germ cells stop mitotic division and structure relationship with little quantities of pre-granulosa cells to frame early stage follicle (Telfer et al. 1988). The germ cells experience the principal meiotic division and are presently called essential oocytes. The oocytes at that point become captured in the diplotene phase of prophase I of meiosis until the early stage follicles begin to develop lastly come to the ovulatory stage. In the diplotene stage, the oocyte may set itself up for fast mitosis and implantation, by creating a lot of mRNA and ribosomes (Picton et al. 1998). Early stage follicles might be seen from week 22 in the human (Faddy and Gos den 1995) and week 13 in the dairy animals (van nook Hurk and Zhao 2005). The pool of early stage follicles creates during fetal life in certain species (e.g primates, ruminants), however in others it creates during the early neonatal period (e.g rodents, bunnies) (Marion et al. 1971). The quantity of early stage follicles present during childbirth speaks to the complete populace of germ cells accessible to mammalian females during their whole regenerative life (Kezele et al. 2002), and is accepted to fill in as the wellspring of creating follicles and oocytes (Eppig 2001). Albeit late examinations have recommended that postnatal oogenesis may likewise happen in female warm blooded animals (Johnson et al. 2004), they recommended that germline undeveloped cells can repopulate the postnatal ovary and restore the early stage follicle pool. This gathering thusly proceeded to recommend that these phones were gotten from bone marrow (Johnson et al. 2005). This has pulled in a lot of consi deration just as analysis (Gosden 2004; Byskov et al. 2005; Telfer et al. 2005). This is a continuous discussion however the parity of proof recommends that reestablishment is anything but a main consideration in ovarian turn of events (Eggan et al. 2006). In warm blooded creatures, the quantity of early stage follicles in the ovaries during childbirth fluctuates massively between species, extending from several thousands in mice to millions in people and local species (Gosden and Telfer 1987). These follicles must create through early stage, essential and auxiliary stages before coming to the preovulatory stage, and ensuing ovulation (Figure 1.1). Legitimate follicle advancement includes development of the oocyte, which is encircled by factor layers of granulosa cells, wrapped by theca cells (Drummond 2005). Granulosa cells offer physical help of the oocyte and intercede flags between the oocyte, external theca cells and endocrine hormones. When the pool of early stage follicles ha s been built up, follicles progressively and constantly leave the resting pool to start development. Be that as it may, under 1% of early stage follicles present at the hour of birth of a creature will ever continue to ovulation (Erickson 1966), with most of follicles declining by atresia. 1.3 Regulation of early folliculogenesis A basic procedure in ovarian science is the progress of the formatively captured early stage follicle to the creating essential follicle. Follicular development may start whenever during the females life. The early stage follicle contains an oocyte captured in meiosis I encompassed by straightened physical cells named the pregranulosa (Kezele et al. 2002). During beginning of early stage follicle development, smoothed pregranulosa cells become cuboidal and start to multiply. The encased oocyte starts to develop simultaneously (Anderson et al. 2000; Clark and Eddy 1975). The developments of both the early stage follicles with oocytes portray the commencement of the developing stage. The oocytes inside the early stage follicles stay peaceful for a considerable length of time to years until they get the suitable signs to start folliculogenesis and early stage to essential follicle change. Up until this point, little is thought about the sub-atomic components and extracellular flagging elements that direct this procedure. These procedures legitimately influence the quantity of oocytes accessible to a female all through her regenerative life. When the pool of early stage follicles is drained, ovarian steroidogenesis closes and the arrangement of physiological changes called menopause starts (Richardson et al. 1987). It is indistinct whether the signs begin from the oocyte, or/and from encompassing substantial cells, or from outside the ovary. It is likewise obscure on the off chance that it is an inhibitory factor forestalling resting early stage follicles from leaving the stock or an improvement following up on the resting early stage follicles store that invigorates some follicle to leave it (Gougeon and Busso 2000). A large number of elements may act locally to direct early folliculogenesis by advancing development (Bennett et al. 1996) or by repressing development ( Bukovsky et al. 1995). The underlying development signal seems, by all accounts, to be free of the pituitary gonadotropins (Peters et al. 1975) (Figure 1.3). Early stage follicles don't have receptors for FSH hormone (Oktay et al. 1997). Regardless of certain examinations recommending that gonadotropins are engaged with the inception of follicular development in youthful rodents (Lintern-Moore 1977; Neal and Baker 1973), all things considered, during characteristic hypopituitary conditions in both creature species and people, the commencement procedure isn't totally abrogated (Howe et al. 1978; Halpin et al. 1986). In spite of the fact that follicles at beginning periods of improvement have been appeared to communicate follicle animating hormone receptors (FSH-R) (Bao et al. 1998), without gonadotropins during the beginning times of follicle development, follicles can in any case create to the early antral stage (Awotwi et al. 1984; Gong et al. 1996). Knockout mice who are invalid f reaks for either FSH receptor or LH receptor can experience the early stage to essential follicle progress (Zhang et al. 2001; Abel et al. 2000). A few neighborhood factors have been discovered that can control the early stage to essential follicle progress. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) has been appeared to elevate the early stage to essential follicle change and to increment granulosa cell multiplication (Lee et al. 2001). Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has additionally been appeared to elevate the early stage to essential follicle change and to up-manage granulosa cell articulation of unit ligand (KL) (Nilsson et al. 2002). Bone morphogenic protein-15 (BMP-15) is a development calculate communicated the oocytes of creating follicles that assumes a job in early follicle movement (Dube et al. 1998) and animates granulosa cell multiplication (Otsuka et al. 2000). Development separation factor-9 (GDF-9) has been restricted inthe oocytes of mouse (Dong et al. 1996) rodent (Jaatinen et al. 1999) and human (Aaltonen et al. 1999) essential follicles. Nilsson and Skinner (2002) have demonstrated that GDF-9 promotesthe impro vement of essential follicles in neonatal rodent ovaries,but it has no impact on the development of early stage follicles (Nilsson and Skinner 2002).Studies by Wang and Roy (2004) have given the primary proof that GDF-9 can advance the arrangement of primordialfollicles and their resulting development in neonatal hamster ovaries (Wang and Roy 2004) . Hostile to Mullerian hormone (AMH) is an individual from the changing development factor-ÃŽ ² (TGF-ÃŽ ²) is considered as a negative controller of the beginning periods of follicular turn of events. AMH is delivered by the granulosa cells of creating preantral and little antral follicles which represses the early stage to essential follicle change (Durlinger et al. 1999). AMH is never found in early stage follicles, theca cells or oocytes (Ueno et al. 1989; Hirobe et al. 1994; Baarends et al. 1995). Assessment of ovarian follicles in AMH-insufficient female mice uncovered lower quantities of early stage follicles and all the more developing follicles contrasted and wild-type mice, these discoveries uncovered that, without AMH, ovaries are exhausted of their early stage follicles sooner than they are in charge mice and these perceptions prompted the propsal that AMH restrains early stage follicle enrollment (Durlinger et al. 1999). Results were gotten from another in vitro probes the cow-like ovarian cortex recommended that, in any event in nonhuman species, the nearness of AMH goes about as a brake on the actuation of early stage follicles and the development of preantral follicles (Gigli et al. 2005). It has been exhibited that oocytes from early preantral, late preantral and preovulatory follicles up-manage AMH mRNA levels in granulosa cells, in a style that is needy upon the formative phase of the oocyte (Salmon et al. 2004). These discoveries propose that oocyte guideline of AMH articulation may assume a job in intra-and interfollicular coordination of follicle improvement. ; pack ligand (KL) and essential

Praise and Children Essay

Disclose how to help kids and youthful people groups self-assurance and confidence. We can bolster kids and youthful people’s fearlessness/confidence and advance this in settings by doing a scope of verbal/non verbal things to guarantee youngsters have certainty. It is significant that we give kids support while attempting another action, we can do this by verbal discourse, for example, ‘can you attempt to do it’? or on the other hand non verbal ways, for example, hand signals approval or grinning and so forth. Additionally after a youngster has accomplished something positive we should consistently adulate them verbally with a ‘well done’! or on the other hand approval and so forth even a sticker graph or group focuses has a similar impact. On the off chance that we don't give kids commendation and support they are more averse to participate in new exercises which won't give them certainty to encounter new things and become independant. It is significant that kids are constantly adulated for accomplishing something great with the goal that they have a high confidence and will need to exhibit the conduct once more. We should guarantee that kids have the certainty to settle on there own decisions by giving opportunities to them o do this. for eg give them the decision of what toys they need to play with, what exercises they might want to do or what snacks they might want. It is significant we do this to urge youngsters to turn out to be more independant. On the off chance that we don't permit youngsters to settle on there own decisions they may get dependant on a grown-up and not pick indispensable things further down the road that could influence them. We can likewise advance self-assurance by remunerating youngsters with things, for example, desserts or stickers. This can be a decent method of adulating youngsters however can likewise make kids ‘go back’ with conduct or get things done to much just to get a prize. For instance if a youngster is remunerated for utilizing the latrine or attempting to utilize the can they may simply sit on it the entire day so they get compensated. We should do customary perceptions of youngsters to discover there interests and create exercises around these to assist kids with meeting achievements. This is significant as the kid is in charge of there own learning and will feel like they matter. For instance if a childs intrigued by trains you could utilize them in what you are doing. On the off chance that the youngster has control of there learning they are bound to settle on decisions and believe in doing as such. It is additionally significant that we guarantee the kids realize that they can confide in their key laborer and can address them about anything, so the kid has constructive associations with the individuals in there setting.

Short Thoughts

Short Thoughts Ive spent the better part of a day trying to blog about my semester, but I cant think of a pithy way to put everything together, so I wrote this instead. Theres frankly not too much to say because Ive been struggling with bouts of illness for the past month or so. Im not sure whats wrong. I keep thinking Ive recovered only to wake up with a sore throat or to find myself shivering in a heated room; I often go to sleep with a headache and wake up still with a headache. Its the first time in my MIT experience that Ive been sick for more than a few days. Im tired. The last time I blogged about classes, I was enrolled in six; I have since dropped to four. Besides that, there are a few things that have been on my mind. Thing One On Wednesday, I published an article about girlhood and math competitionsits under my full name, and its more personal than anything Im usually willing to write. Im linking to it here because I imagine that MIT Admissions attracts high-school girls who compete in math (and their peers); if you fit that bill (or not) or can relate to it and want to talk about your experiences and/or struggles, email me! Thing Two I wrote it on Odyssey, an online publication that recruits teams of writers at thousands of different universities. I’m editing for the MIT chapter. Weve been live for only two weeks, but Im pretty fond of some of the articles weve released: this ones about being first-generation at MIT, and this ones about being a student-athlete. The job has been trying in the cases when Ive had to edit work that is antithetical to my personal/political views. It makes me feel like Im complicit in releasing work that I think is wrong, and its a little painful reading an article that I disagree with and thinking, Some of these words are my words. But I worry that expressing disagreement (even on a personal account) would make all future editorial decisions seem questionable; Im also wary of involving myself in arguments on social media. Im not sure yet what I think the correct course of action is. Also: were recruiting, so if youre going to be at MIT in the fall and are interested in writing things weekly over the summer/during the semester, email me or apply here (under Local Opportunities, with MIT as your school). Thing Three Classes ended yesterday, and I cleaned up the notes on my iPhone todaydeleted a list of songs I discovered in Iceland, the Athena cluster code, the definition of the word supplication, my Hong Kong phone number. I keep notes inconsistently (and almost never on my phone), but here are a few interesting items Id forgotten about: By the way, do you know the difference between the optimist and the pessimist? No? They both get it wrong, but the optimist is happier. â€"Mme Christine Lagarde, at the Spring 2016 Compton Lecture people who participate in fiction â€"Shariann Lewitt, in 21W.755 writing code for the greatest processor ever â€"Shariann Lewitt, in 21W.755 (She was referring to writing fiction; the processor is the brain. She encouraged us to leave out parts that the processor can take care offor instance, dialogue does not need to be conversation, not word-for-word, because the reader can intuit and fill in the gaps. your sense of self will change substantially over your life because many things you thought were purely mental are actually based in physical structures Robert Shiller spoke at MIT in October; I dont remember too much of his talk but I think it had to do with behavioral economics and his book Phishing for Phools and policy (?) (my memory is unreliable). Anyway, I think this quote refers to the idea that we do not exercise as much control over our thoughts as we imagine. Im pretty sure he gave evidence of this. https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/conditional This is the poem The Conditional by Ada Limón. Im sitting in Starbucks now, shivering. I meant to leave a few minutes ago, but then they started playing a Fugees song, so Im still here. I have one final on Monday, and then Im done, and then I go home.

Women of Marble - Cycladic Reclining Female Figures Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The positive space occupied by the object is indicative of the shape of a human female who is perhaps standing or lying somewhere straight with folded arms. The lines, horizontal and vertical are used to form the object giving different shapes to the body. Horizontal lines are used to form the shoulders, neck, torso, arms, knees and feet of the figure. However, the use of vertical lines suggests forming the shape of the legs and nose. The horizontal and vertical lines have been used in combination to form different shapes in the figure with curved lines showing thighs and legs. The texture of the statue gives the sense of hardness with slender features that seem to be delicate and fragile and would get broken if mishandled. On the whole, formal analysis of the reclining female figure shows that the figure is dull in colour, with geometrical shapes, curved, horizontal and vertical lines and hard but delicate texture (Hammel, 2011). The reclining female figure belongs to the Cycladic civilization that was famous for the collection of marble figures which people of this civilization used to make (Hammel, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Women of Marble - Cycladic Reclining Female Figures or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Critical View Of Race To The Bottom And Globalization.

Critical view of Race to the Bottom and Globalization: Race to the bottom and Globalization has a critical relationship between them. Critics say that Globalization expedites the tendency of adopting the concept race to the bottom. Race to the bottom concepts says that the characteristic of continuous lowering the standard in terms of labor or environment as a result of the continuous competition. This concept mainly affects the developing countries in two ways directly and directly. Developing countries might have the perception that to cope with the global competition they need to decrease their product cost as much as possible. This phenomena leads them to behave in two ways. 1) Countries may directly soften the environmental laws and†¦show more content†¦From above examples we have seen that even developed countries have to deal with Race to the bottom affect, but as their income level rise their importance also shifts to the environmental issues. Developing countries concerns on environmental regulation is the erosion of their competitive position due to the movement of pollution-intensive industries to countries with lower standards. According to the research after global awareness of environmental safety arises, it can be concluded that neither study on trade flows nor on the FDI shows the International Traders choose their business location based on environment regulations rather than all other important factors. There are many evidences that support the opposite scenario as well. Globalization supports to take proper measure for environmental safety. The study of Frankel and Rose (2003) and Busse (2004) showed many evidences that clearly defines how Globalization can positively effect the environment. According to Busse environmental regulations is influenced by income level. The primary effect appears to come via income itself. When a country experiences economic growth its per capita income increases it can pays attention to environmental laws and regulation after serving its basic needs. Frankle and Rose found positive co elation between openness to trade and environmental quality. Openness to trade helps developing countries to enjoy both incentive to adopt greenShow MoreRelatedThe Political Economy Of Globalization1699 Words   |  7 Pagesand Layna Mosley both discuss globalization in detail and both have similar views regarding globalization. In the chapter â€Å"The Political Economy of Globalization† Layna Mosley asks the question whether globalizations effect on government policy making has adverse effects on the state of the global economy or if governments retain autonomy in regards to policymaking despite globalization. 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Mcdonald Case Study Free Essays

McDonald’s: On a Customer-Focused Mission More than half a century ago, Ray Kroc, a 52-year-old salesman of milk-shake-mixing machines, set out on a mission to transform the way Americans eat. Kroc bought a chain of seven stores already existing for $2. 7 million. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonald Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the start, Kroc preached a motto of QSCV—quality, service, cleanliness, and value. These goals became mainstays in McDonald’s customer-focused mission statement. Applying these values, the company perfected the fast-food concept—delivering convenient, good-quality food at affordable prices. McDonald’s grew quickly to become the world’s largest fast-feeder. The fast-food giant’s more than 32,000 restaurants worldwide now serve 60 million customers each day, racking up system-wide sales of more than $79 billion annually. In the mid-1990s, however, McDonald’s fortunes began to turn. The company appeared to fall out of touch with both its mission and its customers. Americans were looking for fresher, better-tasting food and more contemporary atmospheres. They were also seeking healthier eating options. In a new age of health-conscious consumers and $3 muffin and coffee at Starbucks, McDonald’s seemed a bit out of step with the times. McDonald’s was struggling to find its identity among its competitors and changing consumer tastes. The company careened from one failed idea to another. It tried to keep pace. None of these things worked. However, McDonald’s continued opening new restaurants at a ferocious pace, as many as 2,000per year. The new stores helped sales, but customer service and cleanliness declined because the company couldn’t hire and train good workers fast enough. Meanwhile, McDonald’s increasingly became a target for animal-rights activists, environmentalists, and nutritionists, who accused the chain of contributing to the nation’s obesity epidemic with â€Å"super size† French fries and sodas as well as Happy Meals that lure kids with the reward of free toys. Although McDonald’s remained the world’s most visited fast-food chain, sales growth slumped, and its market share fell by more than 3 percent between 1997 and 2003. In 2002, the company posted its first-ever quarterly loss. In early 2003, a troubled McDonald’s announced a turnaround plan—what it now calls its â€Å"Plan to Win. † At the heart of this plan was a new mission statement that refocused the company on its customers. The company’s mission was changed from â€Å"being the world’s best quick-service restaurant† to â€Å"being our customers’ favorite place and way to eat. The new plan centered on five basics of an exceptional customer experience: people, products, place, price, and promotion. Under the Plan to Win, the goal was to get â€Å"better, not just bigger. † The company invested in improving the food, the service, the atmosphere, and marketing at existing outlets. McDonald’s redecorated its restaurants with clean, simple, more-modern interiors and amenities such as live plants, wireless Internet access, and flat-screen TVs showing cable news. Play areas in some new restaurants now feature video games and even stationary bicycles with video screens. To make the customer experience more convenient, McDonald’s stores now open earlier to extend breakfast hours and stay open longer to serve late-night diners—more than one-third of McDonald’s restaurants are now open 24 hours a day. Moreover, MacDonald added healthier options, such as Chicken McNuggets made with white meat, a line of Snack Wraps, low-fat â€Å"milk jugs,† apple slices, Premium Salads. In 2008, when the stock market lost one-third of its value—the worst loss since the Great Depression— McDonald’s stock gained nearly 6 percent. Through 2010, as the economy and the restaurant industry as a whole continued to struggle, McDonald’s outperformed its competitors by a notable margin. QUESTIONS 1. What are the main environmental factors that affected MacDonald marketing strategy and way of doing business? 2. How MacDonald responded to the changing environment? (How these changes affected its marketing mix? ) How to cite Mcdonald Case Study, Free Case study samples

Quality in Customer Focused Operations †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Quality in Customer Focused Operations. Answer: Introduction Customer satisfaction is the key to success to an organisation no matter whether the organisation is older or new. Unarguably, this is one such factor that differentiates between the different rival companies and that also narrows down the competition in the market by limiting the numbers of potential companies. The necessity to satisfy the needs of customers is also associated with a fact to identify the actual needs of customers. Different companies use different marketing strategies to identify the needs of customers; however, it can never be predicted that they have performed an absolute task, which would provide them a clear insight of their target customers. Many perceptions of the customers can now be understood with the help of different strategies such as mapping the customer journeys before they buy something. However, it is extensively difficult to take anything for grant as customer behaviour changes very frequently (Six Sigma Online Training Certification Information 201 7). Saudi Aramco is one of many such companies that have to satisfy the needs of its clients and the customers. It operates at the global platform with many products under their belt such as Natural Gas, Petroleum and few other Petrochemicals. It is one of the most valuable companies in the world in terms of market capitalisation. The operation is extensively complex. They carry loads of responsibilities with them in order to satisfy the needs of its clients. It is one of such companies, which is operating to produce oils and natural gas; however, it is also becoming a clearer reason behind the rising carbon footprint and the environmental pollution (Saudi Aramco 2017). The main purpose of this assignment is to analyse the operational values of the selected company. The paper aims to find some quality management related issues if there is any. Moreover, the paper also recommends solution to overcome the identified issues along with the challenges that might come underway on implementing the suggested improvements. Background of the selected organisation Saudi Aramco is one of few companies in the world, which is engaged in various oil related projects such as oil refinery. It came into existence to reduce the shortages of oil during World War I in the year 1933. After it came to the existence it took four long years to get the first success. It continues to move gradually since then. However, the real recognition came into the year 2005 when it became the largest company in the world in terms of market capitalisation. It is headquartered in Dhahran but it operates at the global platform by means of exploration, refining, production, chemicals, marketing and distribution. All those activities are in continuous monitoring of the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Mineral Petroleum Resources. It has deployed several tankers to ship refined oil, crude oil and gas to the different parts of world. It is a challenge to company like such to maintain an utmost standard of customer service and to satisfy the needs of its clients the customers. Quali ty management in this regard appears to be a challenging task to such an operation (Saudi Aramco 2017). Extraction of oil and gas- The oil and gas used to be at the lower most positions in between the rocks in an umbrella shape. The oil and gas stays there in the position and travels to an upward layer of the rock from which it was formed. The Saudi Aramco Company drills the water in the identified zone and forms a well, so that, the required oils and gas travels to the area. The process of drilling is very expensive and is successful in quite a low occasion too. The crude oil travels to the drilled well and from where it is collected at the ground level. It requires an investment of millions of pound for the exploration and extraction. The liquids that are collected in the created well are composed of water, gas and crude oil. It is important to separate the crude oil and the gas in order to transport those safely. The entire process requires a detailed analysis of few important factors such as identifying the porous rocks making an efficient reservoir rock, planning a research to id entify that which rocks have the highest level of porous in it and identifying the process of drilling identifying the hidden oil in the deep beneath of sea water (Long et al. 2012). Transportation of oil and gas- The process after extracting the oil is also very complicated and challenging as well. The extracted petroleum and oil needs to send to the refinery centres in order to refine the separated oils and gas. It can be done in two ways such as by sending it to the refinery house either through the pile lines or by the transport. Saudi Aramco has many such transporting vehicles that take the responsibilities to carry the extracted oils and gas to its refinery centres. Crude oil is often traced in the exterior region such as in the jungle, deserts and the Arctic. In such circumstances, it is then a very complicated and challenging task as well to transport the extracted oil and gas to the refinery house. The oil refinery centres then transforms the crude oil into useful products or services. The transformed products are then sent to the most parts of world. The products then can be transported to the different parts of world through various available means suc h as rail, road and by boats alongside the canals and the rivers. Saudi Aramco has deployed numerous transporting vehicles to conduct the mentioned task (Willersrud et al. 2013). Input resources- It includes many such as identifying the zone that has porous rocks, establishing a plant to form a well and using the different technologies such as upstream downstream to drill the sea water (Coday et al. 2014). Transforming activities- It includes the transformation of extracted oil and gas into crude oil and liquefied petroleum gas. The transformation happens after a long process of drilling. The activity produces some of most precious resources from the water (Kawagucci et al. 2013). Output products/services- There are various valuable products are obtained. The extracted gas and oil are then sent to the refinery house either through the pipelines or through the transporting modes. In the refinery house, some very valuable products are prepared, which are then sent to the different parts of world (Hyne 2012). Literature review on quality management According to Jhandir (2012), perceived value is necessary to met by the service providers. Customers generally perceive something after having a look on something and they also develop a perception up to a certain level. The author has believed that different firms across the globe have failed in meeting with the set expectations of the customers, which they have built up based on their perceived values. This is because of such fact it is necessary for different companies that they try to match up with the perceptions and the expectations that customers have from their clients. The author has made this understood that to maintain an utmost quality in the service it is necessary for the Saudi Aramco to match up the expected demand of the customers. This could be challenging but they have to do in order to attain the maximum ratings in the customer satisfaction level. In the opinion of Abd-El-Salam, Shawky and El-Nahas (2013), service quality is very much required in order to attain the maximum standard of customer loyalty over the brand. The authors have provided their opinion on the importance of service quality. They have affirmed that service quality and customer satisfaction are both directly proportional to each other. It further means that customers would be more loyal to the different companies across the globe if they receive an utmost service quality from their trusted brands. It means that the Saudi Aramco Company should ensure an utmost customer service standard in their offer products and services. If they do so they would be able to win the loyal views of numerous customers across the globe. Zhao et al. (2012) have viewed customer service as an utmost need for the organisation across the globe. The authors have said that customer service is an asset, which influences the behaviour of customers on their respective chosen brands. If a brand has highest standard of customer service then the one would receive a maximum level of recognition from the customers. This is indeed important because this would enhance the loyalty level in customers towards the one particular brand. This would also raise the responsibility level towards the customers on the trusted brands. A brand as such of Saudi Aramco would then need to maintain a highest level of quality in its products and the services in order to attain a highest level of loyalty of the customers across the globe. In other words,, this mean that the Saudi Aramco need to maintain the standard they have set related to their products and the services. This would not only enhance the loyalty level of customers but it would also enh ance the quality in service of the company. According to Izogo and Ogba (2015), satisfied customers will be loyal customers. This further means that these authors have argued that it is a waste to think of a tool to measure the customer satisfaction level. Customers who are satisfied they will be loyal to the brands and would go nowhere else to purchase their required products. The authors have indicated here clearly that the Saudi Aramco Company should look to improve its quality management standard. It should rather never think of observing the customer satisfaction level. This is because those who are satisfied customers they will also be loyal to their choice of brands. The Saudi Aramco Company needs to concentrate more on improving its quality of service. This would help the company gets more loyal customers and hence its customers will become loyal to the company. In the opinion of Khan (2012), if a firm improves its service quality level the firm will get more loyal customers. Nevertheless, it is necessary to have a significant number of loyal customers in order to attain the highest level of success. The brands will be more flexible with the changing market circumstances that have behind them a large number of loyal customers. Going the same way as stated by the author, it can be concluded that it is necessary for the Saudi Aramco that it retains the earned customer base and build up more loyal customers with help from quality service. This is the one way they will get maximum numbers of loyal customers and hence will also get a sustained business operation. According to Auka, Bosire and Matern (2013), there are certain factors that contribute to the customers in becoming loyal to a particular brand. Those factors are reliability, tangibility, assurance, responsiveness and empathy. According to the authors these five factors are necessary to maintain through utmost operational strategy. This will help the companies get a long list of loyal customers to their credit. On a same note, the Saudi Aramco Company should focus on maintaining the five sought factors by the authors. The company would be able to maintain its gained customer base and would also be able to get a new list of customers, which is very necessary to maintain a healthy business operation for a long span of time. As opined by Dhar (2015), there should be a committed act from the organisation as this is very important to get the utmost business success. The author has emphasised on a fact that the workforce should be efficient enough to be flexible under any sort of unexpected circumstances. The market is very volatile and so the demand of customers. This is because of such reason, it is important to have a workforce that delivers under the any odd situations. On a same note, it is important that Saudi Aramco should invest a significant amount in training its workforce on utmost technical skills. This way they would be able to justify their participation with the company and therefore, they would be able to deliver the perceived performance from them. In the opinion of Karani and Bichanga (2012), quality in service can be attained if there is leadership in place taking care of the entire operations. They have emphasised on leadership quality, which according to them matters a lot because it helps in gain the utmost quality in service. Leadership quality according to the authors will help in fight even in an unexpected situation. On a similar note, the Saudi Aramco Company needs to build up the leadership quality in its every employee. This would help the company prepare a bench of such talents who all can stand firm strong under any challenge. This will only bring the much required flexibility in the operation. Moreover, this will help the company in maintaining the utmost quality in service and will also help in get more such success in the future ahead. Quality problems identified in the chosen organisation There can also be some quality related challenges in the Saudi Aramco Company. One of such challenges is the exploration of innovation. This means that the company that invest much on exploring the different technologies would be more successful in extracting the oils. There can be situations at times when the Saudi Aramco Company fails to invest much on the exploring the possible innovation. This would be a very dreadful situation for the company as it will unintentionally provide other the opportunities. Nevertheless, it is very important to use innovative thoughts and tools to perform better in extracting the oils (Crespi and Zuniga 2012). Needs of skilled engineers is the other quality related issue that can hamper the reputation of the Saudi Aramco Company. It is necessary to check whether pipe lines are in proper condition or else it may become responsible for an unexpected accident. It is therefore very important that the company must have such skilled and dedicated engineers who are in continuous checkups of the pipeline. A regular check-up will ensure identifying the flaws if there is any. Moreover, this will facilitate a timely repairing of the damage if it is done (King 2014). Need of skilled drivers is also required to maintain a quality performance in the Saudi Aramco Company. This is because they transport the extracted oils and gas through road vehicles as well. A proper driving in this regard will be highly required in order to maintain a safe environment. Nevertheless, a reckless drive with such products in vehicle would result in a huge fire that might even hamper a large area and the population (Klauer et al. 2014). Recommended improvements Based on the expected quality related challenges, which have been mentioned in the above section following recommendations can be made to the Saudi Aramco Company: Encouraging the leadership quality in the leaders, so that, they invest huge amounts in purchasing the tools that are latest and highly useful in bringing difference to the service quality. Companies face this challenging to identify the exact locations where porous rocks are available. This also incurs them huge. In this regard, the use of innovative tools will result in better research and hence in larger extraction of oils. Training the engineers on the safety parameters for proper handling of pipelines is the other recommendation, which would prevent any unexpected accident. The training needs to be done under the guidance of a certified program as this would help in inhibiting the required element for becoming an expert operator of pipelines. Making strict policies for drivers is the last recommendation, which the Saudi Aramco Company should enforce. This would create fear among the drivers and they would drive safely. Expected challenges in implementing the improvements The implementation of the improvements would be challenging to some extent as well. Making investments on purchasing eh various new technologies to improve the operational quality is very much feasible to a company like Saudi Aramco. However, it might face challenge to really follow the behaviour of drivers. The implementation would only require documentation; however, the implementation would not ensure an entire reduction of the flaws. This will rather be a documented implementation; however, the company needs a practical implementation. Additionally, there is technology to track the motion of the vehicle; however, there is no such technology to check whether the driver is driving properly (Ferguson 2012). Conclusion Saudi Aramco is the most reputed company in the world in terms of market capitalisation. However, the study has shown that even the company like Saudi Aramco is required to use innovative tools and to have skilled workforce in order to stand against any challenge. The study has shown some expected quality related failure that the company can have. The company may face challenge to invest significantly in buying the innovative tools. It may also face challenges in having a skilled workforce. Nevertheless, the company needs to overcome the identified threats that could hamper the quality service of the company. The oil and gas extraction process is very challenging, which is why it is necessary to maintain a utmost quality in service in order to stay strong in competition or else other competitors will take away the generated advantage. To stay competitive and to be a quality service provider, it is necessary that the Saudi Aramco Company is flexible enough to cope with the unwanted ch allenges that might come underway. The counter of such challenge is only possible with innovative tools, trained skilled workforce and responsible drivers. The challenge to stay strong in competition is getting enlarged as the industry is witnessing the entrance of numerous new giants with passage of days. 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